The volume is aimed at preserving invaluable knowledge about Ainu, a language-isolate previously spoken in Hokkaido, Sakhalin, and Kurils, which is now on the verge of extinction. Ainu was not a written language, but it possesses a huge documented stock of oral literature, yet is significantly under-described in terms of grammar. It is the only non-Japonic language of Japan and is typologically different not only from Japanese but also from other Northeast Asian languages.
Revolving around but not confined to its head-marking and polysynthetic character, Ainu manifests many typologically interesting phenomena, related in particular to the combinability of various voice markers and noun incorporation. Other interesting features of Ainu include vowel co-occurrence restrictions, a mixed system of expressing grammatical relations, which includes the elements of a rare tripartite alignment, nominal classification distinguishing common and locative nouns, elaborate possessive classes, verbal number, a rich four-term evidential system, and undergrammaticalized aspect, which are all explained in the volume.
This handbook, the result of unprecedented cooperation of the leading experts of Ainu, will definitely help to increase the clarity of our understanding of Ainu and in a long-term perspective may provide answers to problems of human prehistory as well as open the field of Ainu studies to the world and attract many new students.
Table of Contents
Masayoshi Shibatani and Taro Kageyama
Preface
Masayoshi Shibatani and Taro Kageyama
Introduction to the Handbook of Japanese Language and Linguistics
Contributors
Anna Bugaeva
Introduction
I Overview of Ainu studies
Anna Bugaeva
1. Ainu: A head-marking language of the Pacific Rim
Juha Janhunen
2. Ainu ethnic origins
Tomomi Satō
3. Major old documents of Ainu and some problems in the historical study of Ainu
Alfred F. Majewicz
4. Ainu language Western records
José Andrés Alonso de la Fuente
5. The Ainu language through time
Alexander Vovin
6. Ainu elements in early Japonic
Hidetoshi Shiraishi and Itsuji Tangiku
7. Language contact in the north
Hiroshi Nakagawa and Mika Fukazawa
8. Hokkaido Ainu dialects: Towards a classification of Ainu dialects
Itsuji Tangiku
9. Differences between Karafuto and Hokkaido Ainu dialects
Shiho Endō
10. Ainu oral literature
Osami Okuda
11. Meter in Ainu oral literature
Tetsuhito Ōno
12. The history and current status of the Ainu language revival movement
II Typologically interesting characteristics of the Ainu language
Hidetoshi Shiraishi
13. Phonetics and phonology
Hiroshi Nakagawa
14. Parts of Speech – with a focus on the classification of nouns
Anna Bugaeva and Miki Kobayashi
15. Verbal valency
Tomomi Satō
16. Noun incorporation
Hiroshi Nakagawa
17. Verbal number
Yasushige Takahashi
18. Aspect and evidentiality
Yoshimi Yoshikawa
19. Existential aspectual forms in the Saru and Chitose dialects of Ainu
III Appendices: Sample texts
Anna Bugaeva
20. An uwepeker “Retar Katak, Kunne Katak” and kamuy yukar “Amamecikappo” narrated in the Chitose Hokkaido Ainu dialect by Ito Oda
Elia dal Corso
21. “Meko Oyasi”, a Sakhalin Ainu ucaskuma narrated by Haru Fujiyama
Subject index
